影響設備電泳的(de)因素(su)

　　1)電(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)降(jiang)水介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)。溶液(ye)的(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)決定帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)解離程度，也決定物質(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)帶(dai)凈電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)多少(shao)。對蛋白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)，氨基(ji)酸等類(lei)似兩性電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)，pH值(zhi)(zhi)離等電(dian)(dian)(dian)點越(yue)遠(yuan)，粒(li)子所(suo)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)越(yue)多，泳(yong)(yong)動速度越(yue)快，反之越(yue)慢(man)。因此(ci)，當(dang)分離某一(yi)種混(hun)合物時，應選擇一(yi)種能(neng)擴大(da)各種蛋白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)量差別的(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)利于各種蛋白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)有效分離。為了保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)過(guo)程中溶液(ye)的(de)pH值(zhi)(zhi)恒定，必須采用緩沖溶液(ye)。

　　2)緩沖(chong)液的(de)(de)離(li)(li)(li)子強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)。溶(rong)(rong)液的(de)(de)離(li)(li)(li)子強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)是指溶(rong)(rong)液中各(ge)離(li)(li)(li)子的(de)(de)摩(mo)爾濃度(du)與離(li)(li)(li)子價數(shu)平方的(de)(de)積(ji)的(de)(de)總(zong)和的(de)(de)1/2。帶(dai)電顆粒的(de)(de)遷(qian)移率與離(li)(li)(li)子強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)的(de)(de)平方根成反比。低(di)(di)離(li)(li)(li)子強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)時，遷(qian)移率快，但離(li)(li)(li)子強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)過低(di)(di)，緩沖(chong)液的(de)(de)緩沖(chong)容量小(xiao)，不(bu)易維持pH值(zhi)恒(heng)定。高離(li)(li)(li)子強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)時，遷(qian)移率慢(man)，但電泳譜帶(dai)要比低(di)(di)離(li)(li)(li)子強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)時細窄。通溶(rong)(rong)液的(de)(de)離(li)(li)(li)子強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)在0.02～0.2之間。

　　3)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)強度(du)(du)。降(jiang)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)強度(du)(du)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)梯度(du)(du)）是(shi)(shi)指每厘米的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位降(jiang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位梯度(du)(du)）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)強度(du)(du)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)速度(du)(du)起(qi)著(zhu)正比作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)強度(du)(du)越高(gao)(gao)，帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)顆粒移動速度(du)(du)越快。根據實驗的(de)(de)需要，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可分(fen)(fen)為兩(liang)種：一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，所(suo)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在500～1000V或更高(gao)(gao)。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時間(jian)短（有的(de)(de)樣品需數分(fen)(fen)鐘），適用(yong)(yong)于低分(fen)(fen)子化(hua)合物的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)，如(ru)氨基酸(suan)，無機(ji)離(li)(li)子，包括部分(fen)(fen)聚焦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)及序列電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)等。因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)(gao)，產熱(re)量大，必須裝有冷(leng)卻(que)裝置(zhi)，否則(ze)熱(re)量可引(yin)起(qi)蛋(dan)白質等物質的(de)(de)變(bian)性而不(bu)能(neng)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)，還因發熱(re)引(yin)起(qi)緩沖液(ye)中水分(fen)(fen)蒸發過(guo)多，使支(zhi)持物（濾紙(zhi)，薄膜(mo)或凝膠等）上(shang)離(li)(li)子強度(du)(du)增加，以及引(yin)起(qi)虹吸(xi)現象（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)槽(cao)內液(ye)被吸(xi)到(dao)支(zhi)持物上(shang)）等，都會影響物質的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)。另(ling)一(yi)種為常壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，產熱(re)量小(xiao)，室溫在10～250C分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)蛋(dan)白質標本是(shi)(shi)不(bu)被破壞的(de)(de)，無需冷(leng)卻(que)裝置(zhi)，一(yi)般分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)時間(jian)長(chang)。

　　4)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)。降水在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場中(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)對于(yu)一個固體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)固定相相對移動(dong)稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。在有載體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳中(zhong)(zhong)，影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳移動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)一個重要因(yin)素是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。最(zui)常(chang)遇到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)情況是丫(ya)—球(qiu)蛋(dan)白，由原點向(xiang)負極移動(dong)，這就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)作用(yong)(yong)所引起的(de)(de)(de)倒移現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)。產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)是載體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)含(han)(han)有可電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)基團，如(ru)濾紙中(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)有羥基而帶(dai)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，與濾紙相接觸的(de)(de)(de)水溶液(ye)帶(dai)正電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)便向(xiang)負極移動(dong)。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)往(wang)往(wang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳同(tong)時存在，所以(yi)(yi)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粒子的(de)(de)(de)移動(dong)距(ju)(ju)離(li)也受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)影響；如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳方向(xiang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)相反(fan)，則實際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)等于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳距(ju)(ju)離(li)加上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)。瓊脂(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)有瓊脂(zhi)(zhi)果膠，其中(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)有較多的(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)根，所以(yi)(yi)在瓊脂(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)很明顯(xian)，許多球(qiu)蛋(dan)白均向(xiang)負極移動(dong)。除去(qu)了瓊脂(zhi)(zhi)果膠后的(de)(de)(de)瓊脂(zhi)(zhi)糖(tang)用(yong)(yong)作凝膠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)大(da)為減弱。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)所造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)移動(dong)距(ju)(ju)離(li)可用(yong)(yong)不帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)有色(se)染料(liao)或有色(se)葡(pu)聚糖(tang)點在支持物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心，以(yi)(yi)觀察電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)和距(ju)(ju)離(li)。

　　井點(dian)降水設備它(ta)包括(kuo)四個過程(cheng)及應用(yong)領(ling)域

　　1)電解(jie)（分(fen)解(jie)）。降水在陰(yin)極(ji)反(fan)應最初為電解(jie)反(fan)應，生成(cheng)(cheng)氫(qing)氣(qi)及(ji)氫(qing)氧(yang)根離子OH-，此反(fan)應造成(cheng)(cheng)陰(yin)極(ji)面形成(cheng)(cheng)。

　　一高堿性邊界層(ceng)，當(dang)陽離子與氫氧根作用成為(wei)不溶于(yu)水的(de)物(wu)質(zhi)，涂膜沉積，方(fang)程(cheng)式為(wei)：H20+OH-+H+。

　　2)電泳(yong)動（泳(yong)動、遷移(yi)）。陽(yang)離子樹脂及H+在電場(chang)作用下，向(xiang)(xiang)陰(yin)極移(yi)動，而(er)陰(yin)離子向(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)極移(yi)動過程(cheng)。

　　3)電沉(chen)(chen)積(ji)（析(xi)出）。在被涂(tu)工件(jian)表面，陽(yang)離子樹脂(zhi)與陰極表面堿性作用(yong)，中和而析(xi)出不沉(chen)(chen)積(ji)物，沉(chen)(chen)積(ji)于被涂(tu)工件(jian)上。

　　4)電滲（脫(tuo)水(shui)）。降水(shui)涂(tu)料固(gu)體(ti)與工(gong)(gong)件表面上的涂(tu)膜(mo)為半(ban)透(tou)明性的，具有多數(shu)毛細(xi)孔，水(shui)被從陰(yin)極涂(tu)膜(mo)中(zhong)排滲出(chu)來，在電場作用下，引起涂(tu)膜(mo)脫(tuo)水(shui)，而(er)涂(tu)膜(mo)則吸附(fu)于工(gong)(gong)件表面，而(er)完成整個電泳過程。