地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治(zhi)理，大(da)(da)慶降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)截水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)兩種(zhong)方式。下(xia)(xia)(xia)面(mian)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)探(tan)討一(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)理辦法(fa)(fa)。基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)明溝加(jia)集水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)井(jing)(jing)(jing)、輕(qing)(qing)型井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、噴(pen)射(she)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、深(shen)(shen)井(jing)(jing)(jing)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)等(deng)。各種(zhong)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方法(fa)(fa)比較(jiao)如(ru)(ru)下(xia)(xia)(xia)：1、明溝加(jia)集水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)井(jing)(jing)(jing)：明溝加(jia)集水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)井(jing)(jing)(jing)是一(yi)種(zhong)人工(gong)排(pai)(pai)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)法(fa)(fa)，它(ta)具有(you)(you)(you)施(shi)工(gong)方便(bian)，用(yong)(yong)具簡(jian)單，費(fei)用(yong)(yong)低廉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為普遍。在(zai)(zai)(zai)高水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)區基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)邊坡支護(hu)工(gong)程中(zhong)，這(zhe)種(zhong)方法(fa)(fa)往(wang)往(wang)作為阻擋(dang)法(fa)(fa)或其(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輔助排(pai)(pai)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)措施(shi)，它(ta)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)排(pai)(pai)除地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、施(shi)工(gong)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)天降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)較(jiao)豐富地(di)(di)(di)區，若(ruo)僅單獨(du)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)種(zhong)方法(fa)(fa)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，由于基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)邊坡滲(shen)(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)較(jiao)多，支護(hu)時(shi)使混凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)噴(pen)射(she)難度加(jia)大(da)(da)(噴(pen)不(bu)(bu)上)，有(you)(you)(you)時(shi)加(jia)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管也很難湊(cou)效，并(bing)且作業面(mian)泥(ni)濘堪(kan)有(you)(you)(you)阻礙施(shi)工(gong)操作。因此(ci)(ci)，這(zhe)種(zhong)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方法(fa)(fa)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)不(bu)(bu)單獨(du)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于高水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)區基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)邊坡支護(hu)中(zhong)，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)低水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)區或土(tu)(tu)(tu)層滲(shen)(shen)透系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)很小及允許(xu)放坡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程中(zhong)單獨(du)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。2、輕(qing)(qing)型井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：輕(qing)(qing)型井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(一(yi)級輕(qing)(qing)型井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))是國內應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)很廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方法(fa)(fa)，它(ta)比其(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統施(shi)工(gong)簡(jian)單、安全、經(jing)濟，特(te)別適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)面(mian)積不(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)，降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)深(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場合(he)(he)。該(gai)方法(fa)(fa)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)深(shen)(shen)度一(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)3～6m之間(jian)，若(ruo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)(shen)度大(da)(da)于6m，理論上可以(yi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)多級井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統，但(dan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)四(si)周外需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)，以(yi)便(bian)于放坡或挖槽，這(zhe)對于場地(di)(di)(di)受限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支護(hu)工(gong)程一(yi)般(ban)(ban)是不(bu)(bu)允許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，故常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是一(yi)級輕(qing)(qing)型井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統。輕(qing)(qing)型井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層滲(shen)(shen)透系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)位(wei)(wei)0.1～50m/d，當土(tu)(tu)(tu)層滲(shen)(shen)透系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)偏小時(shi)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管頂部(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)封(feng)填和(he)(he)(he)(he)保證井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統各連接(jie)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣密性等(deng)措施(shi)，以(yi)提高整個井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真空度，才能(neng)達(da)到良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果。3、噴(pen)射(she)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：噴(pen)射(she)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)底部(bu)(bu)產生(sheng)250mm水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)銀(yin)柱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真空度，其(qi)(qi)(qi)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)深(shen)(shen)度大(da)(da)，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)8～20m范圍(wei)。它(ta)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層滲(shen)(shen)透系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)與輕(qing)(qing)型井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)樣，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)為0.1～50m/d。但(dan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統和(he)(he)(he)(he)噴(pen)射(she)井(jing)(jing)(jing)管見(jian)復雜，運(yun)行(xing)故障率較(jiao)高，且能(neng)量(liang)損耗很大(da)(da)，所需(xu)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)比其(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)要(yao)(yao)(yao)高。4、電(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：電(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于滲(shen)(shen)透系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)很小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細顆粒土(tu)(tu)(tu)，如(ru)(ru)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)、亞(ya)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)、淤泥(ni)和(he)(he)(he)(he)淤泥(ni)質(zhi)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)等(deng)。這(zhe)些土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)(shen)透系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)數(shu)小于0.1m/d，用(yong)(yong)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)很難達(da)到降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。利(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)現(xian)象能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)效地(di)(di)(di)把細粒土(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)抽(chou)吸排(pai)(pai)出。它(ta)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)與輕(qing)(qing)型井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或噴(pen)射(she)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)合(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)深(shen)(shen)度決定于輕(qing)(qing)型井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或噴(pen)射(she)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)滲(shen)(shen)井(jing)(jing)(jing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過程中(zhong)，應(ying)(ying)對電(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)流密度和(he)(he)(he)(he)耗電(dian)(dian)量(liang)等(deng)進行(xing)量(liang)測和(he)(he)(he)(he)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調整，并(bing)做(zuo)好記(ji)錄，因此(ci)(ci)比較(jiao)煩(fan)瑣。